A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique

In this study, the effect of chromium impurities on crystal structure and lattice microstrains tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Pure SnO2 were synthesized subjected to calcination at different temperatures. Additionally, various concentrations (5%, 8%, 10% 15%) Cr-doped prepared using sol–gel technique subsequently calcined 550 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques utilized examine morphology doped nanoparticles. The XRD patterns with percentages showed a tetragonal without any additional phase. TEM images pure uniform distribution size shape, relatively smaller sizes compared To investigate peak broadening nanoparticles, Halder–Wagner method Williamson–Hall models employed effects crystallite strain. results that increasing impurity has dual nanoparticle sizes. Increasing up 8% led an increase in compressive stress caused by substitution Sn ions Cr rutile, resulting magnitude However, when increased 15%, interstitial doping preferred over substitutional doping. converted tensile stress, requiring system spend some its energy overcome remaining reflected form stress. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra obtained for all samples, confirming analyses.